A-level Physics

 a-level Physics

Overview of AQA A-level Physics qualifications

Subject content:

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1. Measurements and their errors

Syllabus componentContent
1.1. Use of SI units
and their prefixes
• Fundamental (base) units: mass, length, time, amount of substance, temperature, electric current, and their SI units
• Derived SI units
• SI prefixes, values, and standard form
1.2. Limitation of physical measurements• Random and systematic errors
• Concepts of precision, repeatability, reproducibility, resolution, and accuracy
• Types of uncertainty: absolute, fractional, and percentage
• Methods to represent uncertainty in the final answer for a quantity
• Combining absolute and percentage uncertainties
• Representing uncertainty in data points on a graph using error bars
• Determining uncertainties in the gradient and intercept of a straight-line graph
1.3. Estimation of physical quantities• Orders of magnitude
• Estimation of approximate values of physical quantities

2. Particles and radiation

Syllabus componentContent
2.1. Particles• Constituents of the atom
• Stable and unstable nuclei
• Particles, antiparticles and photons
• Particle interactions
• Classification of particles
• Quarks and antiquarks
• Applications of conservation laws
2.2. Electromagnetic radiation
and quantum phenomena
• The photoelectric effect
• Collisions of electrons with atoms
• Energy levels and photon emission
• Wave-particle duality

3. Waves

Syllabus componentContent
3.1. Progressive and
stationary waves
• Progressive waves
• Longitudinal and transverse waves
• Principle of superposition of waves and formation of stationary waves
3.2. Refraction, diffraction
and interference
• Interference
• Diffraction
• Refraction at a plane surface

4. Mechanics and materials

Syllabus componentContent
4.1. Force, energy and momentum• Scalars and vectors
• Moments
• Motion along a straight line
• Projectile motion
• Newton’s laws of motion
• Momentum
• Work, energy and power
• Conservation of energy
4.2. Materials• Bulk properties of solids
• The Young modulus

5. Electricity

Syllabus componentContent
5.1. Current electricity• Basics of electricity
• Current–voltage characteristics
• Resistivity
• Circuits
• Potential divider
• Electromotive force and internal resistance

6. Further mechanics and thermal physics

Syllabus componentContent
6.1. Periodic motion• Circular motion
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
• Simple harmonic systems
• Forced vibrations and resonance
6.2. Thermal physics• Thermal energy transfer
• Ideal gases
• Molecular kinetic theory model

7. Fields and their consequences

Syllabus componentContent
7.1. Fields• Force field
• Similarities and differences between gravitational and electrostatic forces
7.2. Gravitational fields• Newton’s law
• Gravitational field strength
• Gravitational potential
• Orbits of planets and satellites
7.3. Electric fields• Coulomb’s law
• Electric field strength
• Electric potential
7.4. Capacitance• Definition of capacitance
• Parallel plate capacitor
• Energy stored by a capacitor
• Capacitor charge and discharge
7.5. Magnetic fields• Magnetic flux density
• Moving charges in a magnetic field
• Magnetic flux and flux linkage
• Electromagnetic induction
• Alternating currents
• The operation of a transformer

8. Nuclear physics

Syllabus componentContent
8.1. Radioactivity• Rutherford scattering
• α, β and γ radiation
• Radioactive decay
• Nuclear instability
• Nuclear radius
• Mass and energy
• Induced fission
• Safety aspects

9. Astrophysics

Syllabus componentContent
9.1. Telescopes• Astronomical telescope consisting of two converging lenses
• Reflecting telescopes
• Single dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopes
• Advantages of large diameter telescopes
9.2. Classification of stars• Classification by luminosity
• Absolute magnitude, M
• Classification by temperature, black-body radiation
• Principles of the use of stellar spectral classes
• The Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram
• Supernovae, neutron stars and black holes
9.3. Cosmology• Doppler effect
• Hubble’s law
• Quasars
• Detection of exoplanets

10. Medical physics

Syllabus componentContent
10.1. Physics of the eye• Physics of vision
• Defects of vision and their correction using lenses
10.2. Physics of the ear• Ear as a sound detection system
• Sensitivity and frequency response
• Defects of hearing
10.3. Biological measurementSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveform
10.4. Non-ionising imaging• Ultrasound imaging
• Fibre optics and endoscopy
• Magnetic resonance (MR) scanner
10.5. X-ray imaging• The physics of diagnostic X-rays
• Image detection and enhancement
• Absorption of X-rays
• CT scanner
10.6. Radionuclide imaging and therapy• Imaging techniques
• Half-life
• Gamma camera
• Use of high-energy X-rays
• Use of radioactive implants
• Imaging comparisons

11. Engineering physics

Syllabus componentContent
11.1. Rotational dynamics• Concept of moment of inertia
• Rotational kinetic energy
• Rotational motion
• Torque and angular acceleration
• Angular momentum
• Work and power
11.2. Thermodynamics and engines• First law of thermodynamics
• Non-flow processes
• The p–V diagram
• Engine cycles
• Second Law and engines
• Reversed heat engines

12. Turning points in physics

Syllabus componentContent
12.1. The discovery of the electron• Cathode rays
• Thermionic emission of electrons
• Specific charge of the electron
• Principle of Millikan’s determination of the electronic charge, e
12.2. Wave-particle duality• Newton’s corpuscular theory of light
• Significance of Young’s double slits experiment
• Electromagnetic waves
• The discovery of photoelectricity
• Wave–particle duality
• Electron microscopes
12.3. Special relativity• The Michelson-Morley experiment
• Einstein’s theory of special relativity
• Time dilation
• Length contraction
• Mass and energy

13. Electronics

Syllabus componentContent
13.1. Discrete semiconductor devices• MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)
• Zener diode
• Photodiode
• Hall effect sensor
13.2. Analogue and digital signals• Difference between analogue and digital signals
• Bits, bytes
• Analogue-to-digital conversion
• Pulse code modulation
13.3. Analogue signal processing• LC resonance filters
• The ideal operational amplifier
13.4. Operational amplifier in• inverting amplifier configuration
• non-inverting amplifier configuration
• summing amplifier configuration

Real operational amplifiers
13.5. Digital signal processing• Combinational logic
• Sequential logic
• Astables
13.6. Data communication systems• Principles of communication systems
• Transmission media
• Time-division multiplexing
• Amplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques

Assessment

Type of assessmentQuestionsFinal scoreWeighting of
final grade
Paper 1
60 marks of short and long answer questions and 25 multiple choice questions on content

The questions cover the sections:
1. Measurements and their errors
2. Particles and radiation
3. Waves
4. Mechanics and materials
5. Electricity
6.1. Periodic Motion topic only
85 marks34% of
A-level
Paper 260 marks of short and long answer questions and 25 multiple choice questions on content

The questions cover the sections:
6.2. Thermal physics topic only
7. Fields and their consequences
8. Nuclear physics

Assumed knowledge from sections:
1. Measurements and their errors
6.1. Periodic Motion topic only
85 marks34% of
A-level
Paper 345 marks of short and long answer questions on practical experiments and data analysis.
35 marks of short and long answer questions on optional topic.

Section A (Compulsory section): Practical skills and data analysis
Section B: Students enter for one of sections:
9. Astrophysics
10. Medical physics
11. Engineering physics
12. Turning points in physics
13. Electronics
80 marks32% of
A-level

Required practical activities

1. Investigate how the frequency of stationary waves on a string varies with length, tension, and mass per unit length.

2. Study interference effects, including Young’s slit experiment and interference by a diffraction grating.

3. Determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a free-fall method.

4. Determine the Young modulus using a simple method.

5. Measure the resistivity of a wire using a micrometer, ammeter, and voltmeter.

6. Investigate the emf and internal resistance of cells and batteries by measuring how the terminal potential difference varies with current.

7. Explore simple harmonic motion using a mass-spring system and a simple pendulum..

8. Investigate Boyle’s law (constant temperature) and Charles’s law (constant pressure) for a gas.

9. Investigate the charge and discharge of capacitors using log-linear plotting to determine the time constant (RC).

10. Investigate how the force on a wire varies with flux density, current, and length using a top pan balance.

11. Use a search coil and oscilloscope to study the effect of varying the angle between a search coil and the magnetic field direction on magnetic flux linkage.

12. Investigate the inverse-square law for gamma radiation.

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Weighting of assessment objectives for A-level Physics

Exams will assess students on the following objectives:

AO1: Demonstrate knowledge of scientific concepts and methods.
AO2: Apply knowledge in theoretical and practical contexts, and handle both qualitative and quantitative data.
AO3: Analyze and evaluate scientific information to make judgments, reach conclusions, and improve practical designs and procedures.

Assessment objectives AOs*Paper 1
(%)
Paper 2
(%)
Paper 3
(%)
Total Weighting
(%)
AO134323133
AO238533542
AO328153225
Total weight of components343432100
*Assessment Objectives (AOs) are set by Ofqual and are consistent across all A-level Physics specifications and exam boards.

Assessment weightings

Marks will be scaled to meet component weightings. Final marks are the sum of scaled component marks. Grade boundaries are set using total scaled marks.

СomponentMaximum raw markScaling factorMaximum scaled mark
Paper 185×185
Paper 285×185
Paper 3: Section A 45×145
Paper 3: Section В (Astrophysics – option)35×135
Paper 3: Section В (Medical physics – option)35×135
Paper 3: Section В (Engineering physics – option)35×135
Paper 3: Section В (Turning points in physics – option)35×135
Paper 3: Section В (Electronics – option)35×135
Total scaled mark:250

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